Navigating Rail Liberalization: Competition, Challenges, and the French Case

The European Union has been working for over 20 years to increase competition and sustainability in the rail industry. Different approaches across the EU have yielded varying outcomes. Since 2001, legislation has aimed to open the market to new operators, fostering innovation and better services. While this competition has led to positive changes, navigating the complex and evolving railway industry presents challenges for both new and existing companies. France, for example, is tackling issues like aging infrastructure and environmental concerns with significant investments to modernize its rail system and promote sustainable practices.